Research & Article

Western influence was first invited to Thailand by the Treaty of Friendship and Commerce with Great Britain in 1855, with the United States and numerous European countries forming similar treaties in the following years. These developments had a significant impact on both commerce and Thailand as a whole, however King Mongkut ensured modernization along Western lines, arguably preserving the country’s independence as European imperialism divided Southeast Asia. In addition to employing Western advisors, teachers, and technicians, King Mongkut conducted numerous physical improvements within Bangkok. This work was furthered by King Chulalongkorn, who, also with the aid of Western advisors, attempted to reform every aspect of Thai life and centralize the country’s government. This article aims to explore the numerous developments each king made in Thailand during their reign, focusing on their relationships with Western influence and preservation of Thai independence amidst European imperialism.